Get Water Reuse: Potential for Expanding the Nations Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater
Committee on the Assessment of Water Reuse as an Approach to Meeting Future Water Supply Needs; National Research Council
NAS Press | 2012 | ISBN: 0309224594 9780309224598 | 363 pages | PDF | 7 MB
This report presents a portfolio of treatment options available to mitigate water quality issues in reclaimed water along with new analysis suggesting that the risk of exposure to certain microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems, and may be orders of magnitude lower.
This issue recommends adjustments to the federal regulatory framework that could enhance public health protection for both planned and unplanned (or de facto) reuse and increase public confidence in water reuse.
Contents
REPORT SUMMARY
1 A NEW ERA OF WATER MANAGEMENT
Population Growth and Water Supply
New Approaches to Water Management
Current Challenges
Statement of Committee Task and Report Overview
Conclusion
2 CURRENT STATE OF WATER REUSE
Context for Water Reuse
Planned Nonpotable Water Reuse Applications
Potable Water Reuse
Extent of Water Reuse
Conclusions and Recommendations
3 WATER QUALITY
Pathogens
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic Chemicals
Conclusions
4 WASTEWATER RECLAMATION TECHNOLOGY
Preliminary, Primary, and Secondary Treatment
Disinfection
Advanced Engineered Treatment
Engineered Natural Processes
Conclusions
5 ENSURING WATER QUALITY IN WATER RECLAMATION
Design Principles to Ensure Quality and Reliability
Operational Principles to Assure Quality and Reliability
Steps to Ensure Water Quality in Water Reuse
Conclusions and Recommendations
6 UNDERSTANDING THE RISKS
Introduction to the Risk Framework
Context for Understanding Waterborne Illnesses and Outbreaks
Hazard Identification
Water Reuse Exposure Assessment
Dose-Response Assessments
Risk Characterization
Consideration of Uncertainty
Conclusions and Recommendations
7 EVALUATING THE RISKS OF POTABLE REUSE IN CONTEXT
Previous NRC Assessments of Reuse Risks
The Risk Exemplar
Conclusions
8 ECOLOGICAL ENHANCEMENT VIA WATER REUSE
Potential Concerns about Environmental Applications
Approaches for Assessing Ecological Risks of Reclaimed Water
Conclusions and Recommendations
9 COSTS
Financial and Economic Costs
Factors Affecting the Financial Costs of Water Reuse Projects
Nonmonetized Costs and Benefits of Reuse
Reported Reuse Costs
Comparative Costs of Supply Alternatives
Reclaimed Water Rates
Conclusions and Recommendations
10 SOCIAL, LEGAL, AND REGULATORY ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Water Rights
The Federal Water Quality Regulatory Framework
Water Reuse Regulations and Guidelines
Public Involvement and Attitudes
Conclusions
11 RESEARCH NEEDS
Research Priorities
Federal and Nonfederal Roles
Conclusions
REFERENCES
ACRONYMS
APPENDIXES
A Details in Support of the Risk Exemplar in Chapter 6
B Computation of Average Daily Dose
C Survey of Water Reclamation Costs
D Water Science and Technology Board
E Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
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